WEST ASIA


Georgia-Northern Caucasus

Transcaucasus (1918.4.22-.5.26)

Established by the Equality Party of Azerbaijan, the Social Democratic Worker's Party of Georgia and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation in 1918. Split into Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia in the same year.

*Coalition formed by the Equality Party of Azerbaijan, the Social Democratic Worker's Party of Georgia and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation 1918.4.22-.5.26

Georgia (1918.5.26-1922.3.12)

Established by the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Menshevik) in 1918. In 1921, the Mensheviks were overthrown by Russia, who installed a soviet government under the one-party rule of the Communist Party. The country was incorporated into Transcaucasus in 1922.

*Social Democratic Worker's Party (commonly known as Menshevik) 1918.5.26-1921.2.25
*Communist Party 1921.2.25-1922.3.12

Transcaucasus (1922.3.12-.12.30)

In 1922 Russia merged Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia into this regime under the one-party rule of the Communist Party. The regime was incorporated into USSR in the same year.

*Communist Party 1922.3.12-.12.30

Georgia (1991.4.9- )

Originally a union republic of USSR, Georgia declared independence in 1991.

*Round Table-Free Georgia 1991.4.9-1992.1.6
*Citizens Union 1995.11.26-2003.11.23
*Burdzhanadze-Democratic Alliance 2003.11.23-2004.1.25
*New National Movement 2004.1.25-2007.11.25�F2008.1.20-2013.11.17
*Georgian Dream-Democratic Georgia 2013.11.17-2018.12.16

Chechen (1991.11.1-2000.2.6)

In 1991 Dudayev, leader of the National Congress of the Chechen People, revolted and declared the independence of Chechen-Ingush from Russia. In 1992 Ingushetia seceded from Chechen and reverted to Russian rule. In 2000 this regime was destroyed by Russia.

*National Congress of the Chechen People 1991.11.1-1996.4.21

Abkhazia (1992.7.23- )

Originally an autonomous republic of Georgia, Abkhazia unilaterally declared independence in 1992.

*United Abkhazia 2005.2.12-2011.5.29
*Revival 2011.9.26-2014.5.31
*Forum for the National Unity 2014.9.25-2020.1.13

South Ossetia-South Ossetia-Alania (1991.12.21- )

Originally an autonomous republic of Georgia, South Ossetia unilaterally declared independence in 1991. It was renamed South Ossetia-Alania in 2017.

*Unity Party 2003-2011.12.10
*United Ossetia 2017.4.21-2022.5.24
*Meeting 2022.5.24-


Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan (1918.5.28-1922.3.12)

Established by the Equality Party (Musavat) of Northern Azerbaijan in 1918. In 1920, the Musavats were overthrown by Russia, who installed a soviet government under the one-party rule of the Communists. In 1922 Azerbaijan was incorporated into Transcaucasus.

*Equality Party (commonly known as Musavat) 1918.5.28-1920.4.28
*Communist Party 1920.4.28-1922.3.12

Azerbaijan Autonomous Republic (1945.12.10-1946.12.11)

In 1945 Russia induced the Democratic Party of Southern Azerbaijan to revolt against Iran and establish this regime. In 1946 Southern Azerbaijan reverted to Iranian rule.

*Democratic Party 1945.12.10-1946.12.11

Azerbaijan (1991.8.30- )

Originally a union republic of USSR, Azerbaijan declared independence in 1991.

*Popular Front 1992.6.16-1993.6.24
*New Azerbaijan Party 1993.10.10-

Nagorno-Karabakh-Artsakh (1991.9.2- )

Originally an autonomous oblast of Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh unilaterally declared independence in 1991. It was renamed Artsakh in 2017.

*Free Motherland Party 2020.5.21-2023.9.4


Armenia

Armenia (1918.5.30-1922.3.12)

Established by the Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak) of Eastern Armenia in 1918. In 1920, the Dashnaks were overthrown by Russia, who installed a soviet government under the one-party rule of the Communists. In 1922 Armenia was incorporated into Transcaucasus.

*Revolutionary Federation (commonly known as Dashnak) 1918.5.30-1920.12.2
*Communist Party 1920.11.20-1922.3.12

Armenia (1991.9.23- )

Originally a union republic of USSR, Armenia declared independence in 1991.

*Pan-Armenian National Movement 1991.9.23-1998.2.3
*Republican Party 2008.4.9-2018.4.9


Asia Minor

Osman-Turkey (c.1281- )

1. Royal Government (c. 1281-1922.11.1)

Founded in c.1281. A constitutional system was introduced in 1876-1878. In 1909 the Committee of Union and Progress seized power. The monarchical system was finally abolished in 1922.

*New Osmanli Association (commonly known as New Osmanli Party) 1876.12.19-1877.2.5
*Committee of Union and Progress (commonly known as Young Turks) 1909.4.27-1912.7.17
*Committee of Union and Progress 1913.1.23-1918.10.4

2. National Government (1920.4.23- )

In 1919 Kemal staged the national liberation movement and established this government in 1920. In 1922 the Royal Government was abolished and the country's name was changed to Turkey. In 1923, Turkey came under the one-party rule of the People's Party until 1946 when a multi-party system was introduced. With the promulgation of a new constitution in 1961, a parliamentary cabinet system was adopted. After a coup in 1980, General Evren established dictatorial rule. Democracy was restored in 1989. In 2018 a presidential system was adopted.

*People's Party 1923-1924.11
*Republican People's Party [CHP] (previously People's Party) 1924.11-1950.5.22
*Democratic Party [DP] 1950.5.22-1960.5.27
*CHP 1961.11.20-1965.2.21
*Justice Party [AP] (previously DP) 1965.10.27-1971.3.26
*Republican Reliance Party 1972.4.17-1973.4.15
*CHP 1974.1.25-.11.17
*AP 1975.3.31-1977.6.21
*CHP 1977.6.21-.7.11
*AP 1977.7.11-1978.1.5
*CHP 1978.1.5-1979.11.12
*AP 1979.11.12-1980.9.12
*Motherland Party [AnaP] 1989.11.9-1991.11.20
*True Path Party [DYP] (previously AP) 1991.11.20-1993.5.16
*DYP 1993.6.25-1996.3.6
*AnaP 1996.3.6-.6.28
*Welfare Party 1996.6.28-1997.6.30
*AnaP 1997.6.30-1999.1.11
*Democratic Left Party 1999.1.11-2002.11.18
*Justice and Development Party 2002.11.18-

Cyprus (1960.8.16- )

Independent since 1960.

*National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (commonly known as EOKA) 1974.7.15-..23
*Democratic Party [DIKO] 1977.9.3-1988.2.28
*Democratic Rally [DISY] 1993.2.28-2003.2.28
*DIKO 2003.2.28-2008.2.28
*Progressive Party of the Working People 2008.2.28-2013.2.28
*DISY 2013.2.28-2023.2.28

Northern Cyprus (1975.2.13- )

Installed by Turkey in the northern part of Cyprus in 1975.

*Party of National Unity [UBP] 1975.2.13-2005.4.24
*Republican Turkish Party-United Forces 2005.4.24-2010.4.23
*UBP 2010.4.23-
*Communal Democracy Party 2015.4.30-2020.10.23
*UBP 2020.10.23-


Iraq

Iraq (1920.11.11- )

Established in 1920. A constitutional monarchical system was introduced in 1925. In 1958 the monarchical system was abolished. After a coup staged by the Socialist Arab Rebirth Party in 1968, one-party rule was established in Iraq. Since 1979, Iraq was under the dictatorial rule of Saddam Hussein, who was overthrown in the Iraqi War staged by USA and Britain in 2003.

*People's Party 1924.8.2-1925.6.26
*Progressive Party [Taq] 1925.6.26-1926.11.21
*Covenant Party [Ahd] 1926.11.21-1928.1.11
*Taq 1928.1.11-1929.4.28
*Ahd 1930.3.23-1932.11.3
*National Brotherhood Party [HIW] 1933.3.20-.11.9
*HIW 1935.3.17-1937.8.17
*Ahd 1938.12.25-1940.3.31
*HIW 1940.3.31-1941.2.3
*HIW 1941.4.13-.6.4
*Ahd 1941.10.10-1944.6.4
*Liberal Party 1946.2.23-.6.1
*Ahd 1946.11.21-1947.3.29
*Nation's Socialist Party 1947.3.29-1948.1.29
*Constitutional Union Party [ID] 1949.1.6-.12.10
*ID 1950.9.15-1952.7.12
*ID 1954.8.4-1957.6.20
*United National Front 1957.6.20-.12.15
*Socialist Arab Rebirth Party [Ba'ath] 1963.2.8-.11.18
*Ba'ath 1968.7.17-2003.4.9
*National Accord 2004.6.1-2005.5.3
*Islamic Dawah Movement [IDM] 2005.5.3-2018.10.24
*IDM 2022.10.27-


Syria-Palestine

Syria (1918.9.30-1920.7.28; 1922.6.28-1958.2.1)

Established in 1918. After gaining independence in 1946, Syria was in political turmoil, with the appearance of several military dictators. Between 1953 and 1954, the Arab Liberation Movement exercised one-party rule. In 1958 Syria merged with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic.

*Nationalist Bloc 1943.8.17-1949.3.30
*Socialist National Party 1949.3.30-.8.14
*Arab Liberation Movement 1953.7.11-1954.2.25
*National Party 1955.9.6-1958.2.1

Syria (1961.9.28- )

In 1961 Syria seceded from the United Arab Republic. After a coup in 1963, Syria came under the prolonged rule of the Socialist Arab Rebirth Party. In 1970 H. al-Assad seized power and started the dictatorial rule of the Assad Family, who established a one-party system in 1972.

*People's Party 1961.12.14-1963.3.8
*Socialist Arab Rebirth Party 1963.3.9-

Transjordan-Jordan (1921.4.11- )

Founded in 1921. Originally called Transjordan, the country's name was changed to Jordan in 1949. In 1928 an Organic Law was enacted and a constiutional monarchical system was introduced.

Lebanon (1926.9.1- )

Founded in 1926. In 1943, a political system that balanced the power of the various Christian and Islamic sects were established.

Israel (1948.5.14- )

Founded in 1948, Israel was initially under the prolonged rule of the Palestinian Workers' Party between 1948 and 1977, and was then under the alternate rule of the Labour Party and the Likud Bloc between 1977 and 2005.

*Palestinian Workers' Party (commonly known as MAPAI) 1948.5.17-1968.1
*Labour Party [Avoda] (developed from MAPAI) 1968.1-1977.4.22
*Likud Bloc [Lik] 1977.6.21-1984.9.14
*Avoda 1984.9.14-1986.10.20
*Lik 1986.10.20-1992.7.13
*Avoda 1992.7.13-1996.6.18
*Lik 1996.6.18-1999.7.6
*Avoda 1999.7.6-2001.3.7
*Lik 2001.3.7-2005.11.21
*Forward [Kadima] (split from Likud) 2005.11.21-2009.3.31
*Lik 2009.3.31-2021.6.13
*The New Right 2021.6.13-2022.6.30
*There Is a Future 2022.7.1-.12.29
*Lik 2022.12.29-

Palestine (1988.11.14-1994.7.5)

In 1988 the Palestine Liberation Organisation established the Government-in-exile of State of Palestine, which was reorganised into the Palestinian National Authority in 1994. Since then the Palestinian National Authority exercised home rule on the Palestinian autonomous regions set up by Israel. In 2013, the National Authority unilaterally declared reestablishment of the State of Palestine.

*Liberation Movement (commonly known as Fatah) 1988.11.14-


Arabia

Saudi Arabia (1932.9.22- )

Founded in 1932. Despite the promulgation of the Basic Law of Governance in 1992, the absolute monarchy was preserved.

Gulf States

Oman-Muscat (1624- )

Founded in 1624. Despite the promulgation of the Basic Statute of the State in 1996, the absolute monarchy was preserved.

Kuwait (1752- )

Founded in 1752. With the promulgation of a constitution in 1962, a constitutional system was introduced. But the Emir (monarch) retained much power.

Bahrain (1783- )

Founded in 1783. With the promulgation of a constitution in 1973, a constitutional system was introduced. But the Emir (monarch) retained much power.

Qatar (1868.9.12- )

Founded in 1868. With the promulgation of a provisional constitution in 1970, a constitutional system was introduced. But the Emir (monarch) retained much power.

United Arab Emirates (1971.12.2- )

Formed by the merger of 6 gulf emirates which gained independence in 1971. The Emirs (monarchs) retained much power.

Yemen

[Northern] Yemen (1926.9.2-1990.5.22)

Founded in 1926. In the wake of a military coup in 1962, the monarchical system was abolished. After that, [Northern] Yemen was under military dictatorship. From 1978 onwards, Saleh was in power. In 1990, [Northern] Yemen merged with [Southern] Yemen to form the Republic of Yemen.

*General People's Congress 1978.7.18-1990.5.22

[Southern] Yemen (1967.11.30-1990.5.22; 1994.5.21-.7.7)

After gaining independence in 1967, [Southern] Yemen was initially in political turmoil. With the formation of the Socialist Party in 1978, a one-party system was introduced. In 1990, [Southern] Yemen merged with [Northern] Yemen to form the Republic of Yemen. In 1994, the Socialist Party revolted and restored this regime in [Southern] Yemen but was crushed by the Republic of Yemen in the same year.

*National Liberation Front [NLF] 1967.11.30-1978.10.11
*Socialist Party [HIY] (developed from NLF) 1978.10.11-1990.5.22
*HIY 1994.5.21-.7.7

Yemen (1990.5.22- )

Established with the merger of [Northern] Yemen and [Southern] Yemen in 1990.

*General People's Congress 1990.5.22-2015.2.6
*Houthis 2015.2.6-


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